Christ in All the Scriptures
by A.M. Hodgkin
VI. Christ in His Life on Earth
The Gospels --
  The Sun of Righteousness has arisen with healing on His wings [Malachi 4:2]. In our previous studies we have been watching the unfolding of the dawn of that day which Abraham rejoiced to see, of the Star prophesied by Balaam, of the great Light foretold by Isaiah. We have, as it were, been watching one cloud after another lit up by the coming glory, and now the King of Glory Himself has come. ''We have seen His star in the east, and are come to worship Him.'' We have ''seen the Lord's Christ.'' ''Mine eyes have seen Thy salvation which Thou hast prepared before the face of all people, a Light to lighten the Gentiles and the glory of Thy people Israel.''

  Wherever the Light of Christ has shone, it has brought a higher ideal of human life to the individual, a higher moral law than was known before. The Gospel of Christ is the only religion which has a ray of hope for the lost, the sinful, the oppressed, and the weak, or a message for the woman and the little child.

  The Christ who, for nineteen centuries, has won the victory over sin and darkness and moral degradation, is the Christ of the New Testament. Except the bare [fact] of His existence, all we know of Him is from the Bible. It is vain for men to say today, we believe in Christ, but reject the Bible. It is the preaching of Christ as He is revealed in the Bible-- ''God incarnate, perfect Man, Saviour by the way of the Cross, and Lord by the resurrection'' -- that has produced this transformation in the hearts and lives of men (Campbell Morgan).

  In the Gospel of Christ according to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, we see God's purpose in giving us a fourfold picture of Him, which brings out the majesty of His person and work.

  A statue has this advantage over a picture, that it enables us to see the one represented from all sides. So this fourfold presentation of Christ exhibits from each point of view some fresh beauty in Him.

  The four evangelists have been compared with the four cherubim of Ezekiel and Revelation [Eze 1:10; Rev 4:7].
  - Matthew shows us our Lord in His kingly aspect as the Lion of the Tribe of Judah;
  - Mark exhibits Him as the faithful Servant of Jehovah, the ox, ready alike for service or for sacrifice;
  - Luke presents Him as the Son of Man, full of human sympathy, as the emblem of the man suggests;
  - whereas, with John, we see Him as the Son of God, the eagle soaring into the heavenly blue with a majesty that transcends all our thought and imagination.
  Dr. Monro Gibson has pointed out the beautiful unity of plan between the Old and New Testaments, as shown in the following table:--

  Old Testament- | Law- | Law- | Giving of the Law.
  |  | Historical Books- | Application.
  | Prophets- | Poetical Books | Experience.
  |  | Prophetical Books- | Outlook Beyond.
  New Testament- | Christ- | Gospels- | Giving of the New Covenant.
  |  | Acts- | Application.
  | Apostles- | Epistles- | Experience.
  |  | Revelation- | Outlook Beyond.

Matthew -- Christ the King
  In this Gospel, we see the royal majesty of our heavenly King. The Gospel by Matthew was written for the Jews. It sets forth the Law, and refers constantly to the Old Testament Scriptures, showing how both have been fulfilled by Christ.

  This Gospel opens thus: ''The book of the generations of Jesus Christ, the Son of David, the Son of Abraham'' (Mat 1:1). This shows His covenant position as the Son of Abraham, and His royal position as Son of David. ''David the King,'' in 1:6, emphasizes our Lord's position as David's royal Heir.

  His wondrous divinity is announced in His birth through the power of the Holy Ghost, in His personality as Saviour (Jesus), and in His absolute Godhead as revealed in the name Emmanuel-- God with us (1:21-23).

  Matthew alone recounts the visit of the Magi [ch. 2]. The whole world at this time was expecting the advent of some Great One. ''Where is He that is born King of the Jews?'' Their adoration foreshadowed His universal dominion. Matthew alone tells us how Herod, the usurper of David's sovereignty, sought to slay the heir.

  In this Gospel, John the Baptist introduces the Lord Jesus as the mighty Judge, Who shall purge His floor with tremendous judgment [ch. 3]. Matthew's account of the temptation [ch. 4], instead of following the chronological order of Luke [Luk 4:1-13], gives the account of the temptation on the mountain last, as if to emphasize it. Our Lord is the world's King. Satan has usurped the dominion; he offers to surrender it on one condition. It means escape from Calvary for the Saviour, and escape from centuries of suffering for His Church. But we see the victory of the King.

  ''From that time, Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand'' [4:17]. The word ''Kingdom'' occurs fifty-three times in Matthew; thirty-five times it is ''the Kingdom of Heaven,'' an expression found nowhere else in the Gospels. John uses the word Kingdom only five times.

  The Sermon on the Mount (ch. 5-7) gives us the Laws of the Kingdom. We have seven parables of the Kingdom in chapter 13, each beginning with ''The Kingdom of Heaven is like,'' except that of the Sower, where we have the word Kingdom in verse 11. Almost all our Lord's parables in Matthew begin thus, whereas in Luke it is nearly always ''A certain man...'' Compare also the two accounts of the Marriage Supper [Mat 22:1-14; Luke 14:16-24]. It is Matthew who tells us that the host was a King. The parables of the Day of Judgment set forth especially the royal dignity and power of Christ [ch. 25].

  In common with Mark and Luke, Matthew tells us of the unveiled glory of the King in the transfiguration. He adds this touch, ''His face did shine as the sun,'' and these words, ''in whom I am well pleased,'' showing how perfectly our Lord fulfilled God's Law [Mat 17:1-13; Mark 9:2-13; Luke 9:28-36]. In his account of the Resurrection, [Matthew] tells of the great earthquake, the angel whose face was like lightning, for fear of whom the keepers did shake and became as dead men [ch. 28].

  Finally, this Gospel gives us, as no other, our Lord's last royal Commission. ''All authority hath been given unto Me in heaven and on earth, go ye therefore and make disciples of all the nations.'' [28:18-20]

  [For a verse by verse study of the Gospel of Matthew, see the Book Notes on Matthew.]

Mark -- Christ the Servant
  Mark gives us the picture of Christ as the willing Servant, yielding active, prompt obedience at every moment of His life.

  This Gospel is believed to have been written in Italy for the Romans, and [it is believed] that Mark received his information from Peter. Peter's words to Cornelius form a perfect summary of this book: ''God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost, and with power; who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil: for God was with Him'' (Acts 10:38). Instead of opening with any record of our Lord's birth or early years, Mark begins at once with His ministry. His introduction again supplies the key to the book: ''The beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.'' The beginning, but not the end, -- through all eternity, it may be, we shall never come to the end of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.

  One half of this Gospel is occupied with narrative, and only half with our Lord's utterances; while in Matthew, the latter occupy three-fourths; in Luke, two-thirds; and in John five-sixths.

  The words immediately, forthwith, anon, straightway meet us constantly. [These are various translations of the same Greek word.] The lesson for us is -- a like prompt obedience. Matthew and Luke tell us that our Lord was ''led'' of the Spirit into the wilderness; but Mark's words are, ''The Spirit driveth Him into the wilderness'' [cp. Mark 1:12,13; Mat 4:1-11; Luk 4:1-13]. From him, too, we learn that the temptation lasted the whole of the forty days, and that the Lord was ''with the wild beasts.'' The four parables of chapter 4 tell us the working of the Gospel. The parable of the Lord's return is given only by Mark, and here the Gospel of service is plainly emphasized [Mark 13:34-37].

  Everywhere, Mark gives us the idea of stress of service. Multitudes crowd to hear Christ. The whole city was gathered to the door; so many came and went at times that He could not even eat, or could not enter into the city; men from all the cities ran together on foot to see Him; wherever He went they placed the sick before Him, and as many as touched Him were made whole. Though prompt action characterized His ministry, He was never hurried in His dealing with those in need. Mark alone tells, in two cases of healing, that our Lord took the deaf man and the blind man apart with Himself when He healed them [cp. Mark 7:31-35; Mat 15:29-31 and Mark 8:22-26]. He alone tells us that He took the little children up in His arms when He blessed them [Mark 10:13-16; Mat 19:13-15; Luke 18:15-17].

  These little graphic details are a feature of this Gospel, adding some fresh touch to almost every narrative. Peter's quick eye had evidently noted them.

  In each Gospel, we have the record of the great Sacrifice by which sin is put away. But when our Lord rises from the grave and gives His final commission to His disciples, there is a marked contrast here to the record in Matthew; it rings with the urgency of service: not a corner of the world is to be left unvisited, not a soul to be left out [cp. Mat 28:18-20; Mark 16:15-20].

  The book opened with the words ''the beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.'' Here we have the continuation. The Lord is still carrying on His work, and we are co-operating with Him. ''So then, after the Lord had spoken unto them, He was received up into the heaven, and sat on the right hand of God. And they went forth, and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following.''

  [For another look at the Gospel of Mark (based on the Book Notes on Matthew), see the Book Notes on Mark.]

Luke - Christ the Son of Man, The Saviour
  This is the Gospel for the sinner. It brings out the compassionate love of Christ in becoming Man to save us. It was probably written for the Greeks. It traces our Lord's descent back to Adam, and shows Him as the Son of Man and the Son of God, the Saviour for the whole human race. The ''Son of the Highest,'' and the Son of the lowly virgin.

  Instead of the visit of the Magi, Luke tells us of the humble shepherds to whom was announced the tidings of peace to all people, ''to you is born a Saviour,'' and there, among the cattle, the Saviour's first guests would feel themselves at home [ch. 2].

  ''Mine eyes have seen Thy Salvation,'' said the aged Simeon, as he took the Holy Child in his arms. And Anna ''spake of Him to all that looked for Redemption in Israel.'' [2:25-38]

  Here, in His baptism, we see Him taking His place among the multitudes [ch. 3]; Luke omits the words with which Matthew proclaimed Him as the coming Judge. Again, instead of the words, ''Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand,'' we find Him beginning His ministry by taking His place in the synagogue at Nazareth, and applying to Himself the gracious words of Isaiah which proclaimed His ministry of mercy to the broken-hearted [4:16-21].

  Luke records His compassion to the Widow of Nain [7:11-18], and the depths of His mercy to the woman that was a sinner [7:36-50]; the story of Zaccheus with the murmuring of the Pharisees because He had gone to be a guest with a man which was a sinner [19:1-10]. The parables of this Gospel bring out, in the same way, His compassion and His saving power. They generally begin ''a certain man...'' Such are the Good Samaritan, the Pharisee and the Publican, the Importunate Widow, and above all, the three parables of the central chapter, the fifteenth, the Lost Sheep, the Lost Coin, and the Lost Son, in which His joy, over the lost [having been] found, is so marvellously represented. In the parable of the Great Supper [14:16-24; Mat 22:1-14], it is Luke who records the Lord's command to go out into the highways and hedges and compel them to come in. And the words ''Yet there is room'' has been the Gospel motto through all the ages.

  Luke alone tells us that when our Lord beheld the city, He wept over it [19:41-44]; of the bloody sweat in Gethsemane [22:39-46]; of the Lord showing mercy to the dying thief even in His agony, and gathering from the very Cross the first-fruits of His sufferings [23:39-43]. Luke alone tells of the walk to Emmaus, he himself, very possibly, being one of the two disciples [ch. 24]. He tells of our Lord deigning to eat the piece of broiled fish and of the honey-comb, in order to show us His perfect humanity even after His resurrection; of His leading them out as far as to Bethany, and that, as He lifted up His hands and blessed them, He was parted from them.

  [For another look at the Gospel of Luke (based on the Book Notes on Matthew) with additional notes on passages which are unique to Luke, see the Book Notes on Luke.]

John - Christ, the Son of God, the Divine Friend
  John wrote to reveal the Son of God as our Divine Friend. The first chapter shows Him to us as ''the only-begotten Son of God, which is in the bosom of the Father.'' One of the closing chapters shows us ''the disciple whom Jesus loved'' ''lying on Jesus' breast.'' He came right from the heart of God, right to the heart of man.

  ''I bare you on eagle's wings, and brought you to Myself'' (Ex 19:4). The object of this Gospel is to bear us as upon the eagle's wings of our Divine Saviour, right into the presence of the Father Himself. ''Father, I will that they also whom Thou hast given Me be with Me where I am; that they may behold My glory, which Thou hast given Me: for Thou lovedst Me before the foundation of the world'' (17:24).

  These words in the seventeenth chapter take us back to the introduction of this Gospel, ''In the beginning was the Word'' [John 1:1]. Our thoughts are turned back to the first words of the Bible [Gen 1:1], and unite the great work of creation with the glorious revelation of the Son of God. ''And the Word was God. All things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made that was made.'' Jesus is the Creator; He meets the need of all created life; He meets the need of man by giving Himself to be each man's greatest, nearest Friend. ( [previous sentence attributed to] Rev. John Urquhart).

  In accordance with this, one of the chief features of John's Gospel is our Lord's personal interviews with individuals. The first disciples in chapter 1:35-51, Nicodemus [ch. 3], the Woman of Samaria [ch. 4], and others right through the book, to the very end, where He revealed Himself to Thomas [20:19-29], and said to Peter, ''Lovest thou Me?'' [21:15-19]. In all these, He disclosed Himself as the Friend of the soul. The close union between Christ and the Church is set forth in this Gospel under the figure of the Bridegroom (3:25-29), of the Vine and the branches (ch. 15), of partaking of His flesh and blood (6:48-57), and of the living water [4:10; 7:38]. We see His friendship with the beloved disciple, and in the home at Bethany [12:1,2]. It comes out again in His last discourse with His disciples, which is introduced by the words, ''Having loved His own which were in the world, He loved them unto the end'' [13:1]. ''Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you. I have called you friends'' [15:12-17]. It is revealed in His prayer, where His desire is in all things their oneness with Himself [17:20-24]. The love of Christ is limitless to each soul.

  The ''I AM,'' in this Gospel, shows how perfectly He meets the world's need.
  - I AM He, the Christ (4:26) meets our need of a Divine Saviour, who is also human.
  - I AM the Bread of Life (6:35) meets our soul-hunger.
  - I AM the Light of the World (8:12) meets our darkness.
  - I AM the Door of the Sheep (10:7) meets our homelessness.
  - I AM the Good Shepherd (10:11) meets our helplessness.
  - I AM the Resurrection and the Life (11:25) meets our death.
  - I AM your Master and Lord (13:13) meets our dependence.
  - I AM the Way, the Truth, and the Life (14:6) meets our need of salvation.
  - I AM the True Vine (15:1) meets our need of union with Himself.
  - I AM Jesus of Nazareth (18:5) meets our need of a human Saviour, Who is also Divine.
  These words I AM (Greek, ego eimi) identified our Lord with the covenant name of Jehovah in the Old Testament. The Jews recognized that He claimed deity in applying it thus emphatically to Himself, for it was when He said, ''Before Abraham was, I AM,'' [that] they took up stones to stone Him, considering it blasphemy, which by the law was punishable by death [8:58,59].

  John wrote his Gospel that men ''might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing they might have life through His name'' (20:31). Accordingly, we find the word ''believe'' occurring nearly a hundred times through this Gospel, and the word ''witness'' nearly fifty times. For, beginning with the Baptist (1:6,7), John called in one witness after another to give evidence in proving the case. See especially chapter 5:31-40.

  [For a verse by verse study in the Gospel of John, see the Book Notes on John.]

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